Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: принцип на равно третиране
- CZ: princip rovného zacházení
- DE: Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz
- EE: võrdse kohtlemise põhimõte
- EN: principle of equal treatment
- ES: principio de igualdad de trato
- FI: yhtäläisen kohtelun periaate
- FR: principe d’égalité de traitement
- GA: an prionsabal um chóir chomhionann
- GR: ίση μεταχείριση
- HU: egyenlő bánásmód (elve)
- IT: principio di parità di trattamento
- LT: vienodo požiūrio principas
- LV: vienlīdzīgas attieksmes princips
- MT: Prinċipju (Il-) ta’ trattament ugwali
- NL: beginsel van gelijke behandeling
- NO: prinsippet om likebehandling
- PL: zasada równego traktowania
- PT: igualdade de tratamento
- RO: principiul tratamentului egal
- SE: principen om likabehandling
- SK: zásada rovnakého zaobchádzania / princíp rovnakého zaobchádzania
- SL: načelo enakega obravnavanja
The principle that there shall be no direct or indirect discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin, sex, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.
2. The term ‘equal treatment’ has a distinct use / meaning when used in the context of bilateral social security agreements between EU Member States as per Regulation (EU) No 465/2012 on the coordination of social security systems.
3. For more information see EMN: Migrant Access to Social Security and Healthcare – policy and practice, 2014.
- BG: етническа националност
- CZ: národnost
- DE: ethnische Zugehörigkeit
- EE: rahvus
- EN: ethnic nationality
- ES: origen étnico
- FI: etninen tausta
- FR: origine ethnique
- GA: náisiúntacht eitneach
- GR: εθνικότητα
- HU: nemzetiség
- IT: nazionalità etnica
- LT: tautybė / etninė kilmė
- LV: tautība
- MT: Nazzjonalità etnika
- NL: etniciteit (syn.: etnische achtergrond, etnische afkomst)
- NO: etnisk tilhørighet (b) / etnisk tilhøyrsle (n)
- PL: narodowość etniczna
- PT: origem étnica
- RO: naţionalitate/ origine etnică
- SE: tillhörighet till etnisk grupp
- SK: národnosť
- SL: nacionalna pripadnost / etnična pripadnost
A synonym of ethnicity or nationality, used in some EU Member States in addition to citizenship.
2.This concept should not be confused with citizenship.
- BG: гражданин на ЕС
- CZ: občan Evropské unie
- DE: Unionsbürger
- EE: liidu kodanik
- EN: union citizen
- ES: ciudadano de la Unión
- FI: unionin kansalainen
- FR: citoyen de l’Union européenne
- GA: saoránach den Aontas
- GR: πολίτης της Ένωσης
- HU: uniós polgár
- IT: cittadino dell’Unione
- LT: Sąjungos pilietis
- LV: Savienības pilsonis
- MT: Ċittadin(a) tal-Unjoni
- NL: burger van de Unie
- NO: unionsborger (b) / unionsborgar (n)
- PL: obywatel Unii
- PT: cidadão da União Europeia
- RO: Cetăţean al Uniunii (Europene)
- SE: unionsmedborgare
- SK: občan EÚ
- SL: državljan Unije
Any person having the citizenship of an EU Member State.
- BG: убежище
- CZ: azyl
- DE: Asyl
- EE: varjupaik
- EN: asylum
- ES: asilo
- FI: turvapaikka
- FR: asile
- GA: tearmann
- GR: άσυλο
- HU: menedékjog
- IT: asilo
- LT: prieglobstis
- LV: patvērums
- MT: Ażil
- NL: asiel
- NO: asyl
- PL: azyl
- PT: asilo
- RO: azil
- SE: asyl
- SK: azyl
- SL: azil
A form of protection given by a State on its territory, based on the principle of non-refoulement and internationally or nationally recognised refugee rights and which is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in their country of citizenship and / or residence, in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
Developed by EMN
- BG: страна на гражданство
- CZ: země státní příslušnosti
- DE: Land der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsusjärgne riik
- EN: country of nationality
- ES: país de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuusvaltio
- FR: pays de nationalité
- GA: tír náisiúntachta
- GR: Χώρα της ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság szerinti ország
- IT: paese di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės šalis
- LV: pilsonības valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tan-nazzjonalità
- NL: land waarvan iemand onderdaan is (syn.: land waarvan iemand het staatsburgerschap heeft)
- NO: statsborgerskapsland (b) / statsborgarskapsland (n)
- PL: państwo, którego obywatelem jest cudzoziemiec
- PT: país de nacionalidade
- RO: ţara de cetăţenie
- SE: medborgarskapsland
- SK: krajina štátneho občianstva / krajina štátnej príslušnosti
- SL: država katere oseba je državljan
The country (or countries) of which a person holds citizenship.
2. In some EU Member States, this term is used in the context of return.
Developed by EMN
- BG: загуба на гражданство
- CZ: pozbytí státního občanství
- DE: Verlust der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsuse kaotamine
- EN: loss of citizenship
- ES: pérdida de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuuden menettäminen
- FR: perte de la citoyenneté
- GA: cailleadh saoránachta
- GR: απώλεια ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság elvesztése
- IT: perdita di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės netekimas
- LV: pilsonības zaudēšana
- MT: Telf ta’ ċittadinanza
- NL: verlies van het staatsburgerschap
- NO: tap av statsborgerskap (b) / tap av statsborgarskap (n)
- PL: utrata obywatelstwa
- PT: perda de nacionalidade
- RO: pierderea cetăţeniei
- SE: förlust av medborgarskap
- SK: strata štátneho občianstva
- SL: izguba državljanstva
Any mode of loss of the status as citizen of a country, voluntarily or involuntarily, automatically or by an act by the public authorities.
- BG: придобиване на гражданство
- CZ: nabytí státního občanství
- DE: Erwerb der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsuse omandamine / kodakondsuse saamine
- EN: acquisition of citizenship
- ES: adquisición y atribución de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuuden saaminen
- FR: acquisition de la citoyenneté
- GA: saoránacht a fháil
- GR: κτήση ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság megszerzése
- IT: acquisizione di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės įgijimas
- LV: pilsonības iegūšana
- MT: Ksib ta’ ċittadinanza
- NL: verkrijging van het staatsburgerschap
- NO: erverv av statsborgerskap (b) / erverv av statsborgarskap (n)
- PL: nabywanie obywatelstwa
- PT: aquisição de nacionalidade
- RO: obtinerea cetateniei / dobandirea cetateniei
- SE: förvärv av medborgarskap
- SK: nadobudnutie štátneho občianstva / získanie štátneho občianstva
- SL: pridobitev državljanstva
The particular legal bond between an individual and their State, acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, choice, marriage or other means according to national legislation.
2. One of the possible ways of acquiring citizenship is through naturalisation, which refers more to the decision / administrative process by the relevant authorities for the granting of nationality.
EUDO Glossary on Citizenship and Nationality
- BG: гражданство
- CZ: státní občanství
- DE: Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsus
- EN: citizenship
- ES: nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuus
- FR: citoyenneté
- GA: saoránacht
- GR: ιθαγένεια; υπηκοότητα
- HU: állampolgárság
- IT: cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybė
- LV: pilsonība
- MT: Ċittadinanza
- NL: staatsburgerschap
- NO: statsborgerskap (b) / statsborgarskap (n)
- PL: obywatelstwo
- PT: nacionalidade
- RO: cetăţenie
- SE: medborgarskap
- SK: štátne občianstvo / štátna príslušnosť
- SL: državljanstvo
The particular legal bond between an individual and their State, acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, choice, marriage or other means according to national legislation.
2. According to Art. 1 of the Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Law, 1930, it is for each State to determine under its own laws who are its nationals.
3. The tie of nationality confers individual rights and imposes obligations that a State reserves for its population. Nationality carries with it certain consequences as regards migration, such as the right of a State to protect its nationals against violations of their individual rights committed by foreign authorities (particularly by means of diplomatic protection), the duty to accept its nationals onto its territory, and the prohibition to expel them.
- BG: основания за преследване, посочени в Конвенцията за статута на бежанците
- CZ: důvody pro udělení azylu dle Ženevské úmluvy
- DE: Verfolgungsgründe (nach) der Genfer Konvention, Konventionsgründe
- EE: Genfi konventsioonis sätestatud tagakiusamise alused
- EN: Convention grounds for persecution
- ES: motivos de persecución Convenio de Ginebra de 1951 y Protocolo de 1967
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukaiset vainon perusteet
- FR: motifs de persécution au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: forais ghéarleanúna de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: λόγους δίωξης
- IT: cause di persecuzione ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: persekiojimo pagrindai pagal Konvenciją
- LV: Ženēvas konvencijas noteiktie vajāšanas pamati
- MT: Motivi għall-persekuzzjoni skont il-Konvenzjoni
- NL: gronden voor vervolging in de zin van het Vluchtelingenverdrag
- NO: konvensjonsgrunnene for forfølgelse (b) / konvensjonsgrunnane for forfølging (n)
- RO: motive de persecutie stabilite de Conventia de la Geneva din 1951
- SE: konventionsgrunder för förföljelse
- SK: dôvody prenasledovania podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski razlogi za preganjanje / razlogi za preganjanje po Ženevski konvenciji iz 1951
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
- BG: временна закрила
- CZ: dočasná ochrana
- DE: vorübergehender Schutz
- EE: ajutine kaitse
- EN: temporary protection
- ES: protección temporal
- FI: tilapäinen suojelu
- FR: protection temporaire
- GA: cosaint shealadach
- GR: προσωρινή προστασία
- HU: ideiglenes védelem
- IT: protezione temporanea
- LT: laikinoji apsauga
- LV: pagaidu aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni temporanja
- NL: tijdelijke bescherming
- NO: midlertidig beskyttelse (b) / mellombels vern (n)
- PL: tymczasowa ochrona
- PT: protecção temporária
- RO: protecţie temporară
- SE: tillfälligt skydd
- SK: dočasná ochrana (EU acquis) / dočasné útočisko (national law)
- SL: začasna zaščita
A procedure of exceptional character to provide, in the event of a mass influx or imminent mass influx of displaced persons from third countries who are unable to return to their country of origin, immediate and temporary protection to such persons, in particular if there is also a risk that the asylum system will be unable to process this influx without adverse effects for its efficient operation, in the interests of the persons and other persons requesting protection.
In LV, temporary protection is granted for a specified period of time if the applicant needs protection because they have been forced to leave their country of citizenship or, if the persons are stateless persons, their country of former residence due to ethnic conflict or civil war.
- BG: верижна миграция
- CZ: řetězová migrace
- DE: Kettenmigration
- EE: ahelränne
- EN: chain migration
- ES: cadena migratoria
- FI: ketjumaahanmuutto
- FR: migration en chaîne
- GA: imirce shlabhrúil
- GR: αλυσίδα μετανάστευση
- HU: lánc-migráció
- IT: catena migratoria
- LV: ķēdes migrācija
- MT: Katina ta’ migrazzjoni
- NL: kettingmigratie
- NO: kjedemigrasjon
- PL: migracja łańcuchowa
- RO: migratie in lant
- SE: kedjemigration
- SK: reťazová migrácia
- SL: verižna migracija
The practice where those who have settled on a family reunification basis can themselves sponsor further family members, consistent with European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) obligations.
2. Chain migration may also be based on ethnic or family ties with members of the same family migrating at different times, usually with primary wage earners migrating first, followed by secondary or non-wage earners. In countries with more or less liberal regulations on the rights of migrants to family reunification usually in accordance with international conventions, family reunification as an incidence of chain migration explains much of the growth in the total migrant population.
- BG: вътрешно-корпоративен трансфер
- CZ: vnitropodnikově převáděný pracovník
- DE: innerbetrieblich versetzte Person
- EE: ettevõttesisene üleviimine
- EN: intra-corporate transferee
- ES: trabajador transnacional
- FI: sisäisen siirron saanut työntekijä / yrityksen tilapäisesti toiseen maahan lähettämä työntekijä
- FR: personne faisant l’objet d’un transfert temporaire intragroupe
- GA: aistrí ionchorparáideach
- GR: ενδο-επιχειρησιακή
- HU: vállalaton belül áthelyezett személy
- IT: lavoratore straniero distaccato (persona trasferita all’interno della stessa società in un altro paese)
- LT: bendrovės viduje perkeliamas asmuo
- LV: uzņēmuma ietvaros pārcelts darbinieks
- MT: Ħaddiem trasferit minn post għal ieħor tal‑istess kumpanija // Trasferiment intra-korporattiv ta’ ħaddiem
- NL: binnen een onderneming overgeplaatste persoon
- NO: utstasjonert arbeidstaker (b) / utstasjonert arbeidstakar (n)
- PL: pracownik przenoszony wewnątrz przedsiębiorstwa
- PT: pessoas transferidas temporariamente pela empresa
- RO: transferat intra-corporaţie
- SE: företagsinternt förflyttad person
- SK: pracovník presunutý v rámci spoločnosti
- SL: oseba premeščena znotraj podjetja
A third-country national subject to a temporary secondment from an undertaking established outside the territory of a EU Member State and to which the third-country national is bound by a work contract to an entity belonging to the undertaking or to the same group of undertakings which is established inside this territory.
The World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), liberalises trade in services, including the temporary movement of natural persons as service suppliers. Mode 4 refers to the presence of persons of one WTO member in the territory of another for the purpose of providing a service. It does not concern persons seeking access to the employment market in the host member, nor does it affect measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis. For more information, see the website of the World Trade Organization.
- BG: циркулярна миграция
- CZ: cirkulační / cirkulární migrace
- DE: zirkuläre Migration
- EE: korduvränne
- EN: circular migration
- ES: migración circular
- FI: kiertomuutto
- FR: migration circulaire
- GA: imirce chiorclach
- GR: κυκλική μετανάστευση
- HU: körkörös migráció
- IT: migrazione circolare
- LT: apykaitinė migracija
- LV: cirkulārā migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni ċirkolari
- NL: circulaire migratie
- NO: sirkulær migrasjon
- PL: migracja cyrkulacyjna
- PT: migração circular
- RO: migraţie circulară
- SE: cirkulär migration
- SK: okružná migrácia / cirkulárna migrácia
- SL: krožna migracija
A repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries.
(a) Circular migration of third-country nationals settled in the EU
This category of circular migration gives people the opportunity to engage in an activity (business, professional, voluntary or other) in their country of origin while retaining their main residence in one of the EU Member States. This covers various groups, e.g.:
- business persons working in the EU and wishing to start an activity in their country of origin (or in another third country); and
- doctors, professors or other professionals willing to support their country of origin by conducting part of their professional activity there.
(b) Circular migration of persons residing in a third country
Circular migration could create an opportunity for persons residing in a third country to come to the EU temporarily for work, study, training or a combination of these, on the condition that, at the end of the period for which they were granted entry, they must re-establish their main residence and their main activity in their country of origin. Circularity can be enhanced by giving migrants the possibility, once they have returned, to retain some form of privileged mobility to and from the EU Member States where they were formerly residing, for example in the form of simplified admission / re-entry procedures. This category covers a wide array of situations, spanning the whole spectrum of migrants, including:
- third-country nationals wishing to work temporarily in the EU, e.g. in seasonal employment;
- third-country nationals wishing to study or train in Europe before returning to their country;
- third-country nationals who, after having completed their studies, wish to be employed in the EU (e.g. as trainees) to acquire professional experience which is difficult to obtain at home, before returning;
- third-country researchers wishing to carry out a research project in the EU;
- third-country nationals who wish to take part in intercultural people-to-people exchanges and other activities in the field of culture, active citizenship, education and youth (such as, for example, training courses, seminars, events, study visits);
- third-country nationals who wish to carry out an unremunerated voluntary service pursuing objectives of general interest in the EU.
- BG: Стокхолмска програма
- CZ: počet cizinců - stav k
- DE: Stockholmer Programm
- EE: Stockholmi programm
- EN: Stockholm Programme
- FI: Tukholman ohjelma
- FR: Programme de Stockholm
- GA: Clár Stócólm
- HU: Stockholmi Program
- IT: Programma di Stoccolma
- LT: Stokholmo programa
- LV: Stokholmas programma
- MT: Rendikont tal-barranin
- NL: Programma van Stockholm
- NO: Stockholm-programmet
- PL: Program Sztokholmski
- SE: Stockholmsprogrammet
- SK: Štokholmský program
- SL: Stockholmski program
A five-year political, strategic document describing the focus of cooperation in the policy areas of justice and home affairs of the EU Member States for the years 2010 to 2014.
2. The Programme contains guidelines for common politics on the topics of protection of fundamental rights, privacy, minority rights and the rights of groups of people in need of special protection, as well as citizenship of the European Union. The programme also outlines plans for measures in the area of border-crossing data exchange between State authorities and surveillance of the Internet. The Programme’s work programme also attaches great importance to how the EU should work to guarantee respect for fundamental freedoms and privacy, while guaranteeing security in Europe. Chapter 5 specifically outlines the priorities in migration and asylum matters ( based on the principles and objectives of the Pact on Immigration and Asylum). It underlines that solidarity is an important objective of a common immigration and asylum policy and that the EU should provide support to EU Member States most exposed to migratory pressures.
3. For more information, see the Communication on an area of freedom, security and justice serving the citizen (Stockholm Programme).
- BG: расова дискриминация
- CZ: rasová diskriminace
- DE: rassistische Diskriminierung / Rassendiskriminierung
- EE: rassiline diskrimineerimine
- EN: racial discrimination
- ES: discriminación racial
- FI: rotusyrjintä
- FR: discrimination raciale
- GA: idirdhealú ciníoch
- GR: φυλετική διάκριση
- HU: faji diszkrimináció
- IT: discriminazione razziale
- LT: rasinė diskriminacija
- LV: rasu diskriminācija
- MT: Diskriminazzjoni razzjali
- NL: rassendiscriminatie
- NO: rasediskriminering
- PL: dyskryminacja rasowa
- PT: discriminação racial
- RO: discriminare rasială
- SE: rasdiskriminering
- SK: rasová diskriminácia
- SL: rasna diskriminacija
Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.
2. Distinctions made on the basis of citizenship (that is, between citizens and non-citizens) are specifically excluded from the definition, as are affirmative action policies and other measures taken to redress imbalances and promote equality.
3. Some institutions such as the United Nations High Commissoner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) use the term 'discrimination' with the same definition.
- BG: Евростат
- CZ: Eurostat
- DE: Eurostat
- EE: Eurostat
- EN: Eurostat
- ES: Eurostat
- FI: Eurostat
- FR: Eurostat
- GA: Eurostat
- GR: Ευρωπαϊκή Στατιστική Υπηρεσία
- HU: Eurostat
- IT: Eurostat
- LT: Eurostatas
- LV: Eurostat
- MT: Eurostat
- NL: Eurostat
- NO: Eurostat
- PL: Eurostat
- PT: Eurostat
- RO: Eurostat
- SE: Eurostat
- SK: Eurostat
- SL: Eurostat
The Statistical Office of the European Union within the European Commission.
2. Its task is to provide the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions.
3. The EMN cooperates with Eurostat by harmonising statistics from the European Statistical System (ESS) to a single methodology, making the statistics comparable.
4. Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 (Migration Statistics Regulation) establishes common rules for the collection and compilation of Community statistics (for submission to Eurostat) on:
(a) immigration and emigration flows;
(b) citizenship and country of birth of persons usually resident in the territory of the EU Member States;
c) administrative and judicial procedures and processes in the EU Member States relating to immigration, granting of permission to reside, citizenship, asylum and other forms of international protection and prevention of irregular migration.
5. For more information, see the website of Eurostat.
- BG: двойно гражданство
- CZ: dvojí občanství
- DE: Doppelte Staatsangehörigkeit/ Staatsbürgerschaft, Doppelstaatigkeit
- EE: topeltkodakondsus
- EN: dual citizenship
- ES: doble nacionalidad
- FI: monikansalaisuus
- FR: double nationalité
- GA: déshaoránacht
- GR: διπλή ιθαγένεια
- HU: állampolgárság (többes)
- IT: doppia cittadinanza
- LT: dviguba pilietybė
- LV: dubultā pilsonība
- MT: Ċittadinanza doppja
- NL: meervoudige nationaliteit (NL syn.: meervoudig staatsburgerschap)
- NO: dobbelt statsborgerskap (b) / dobbel statsborgarskap (n)
- PL: podwójne obywatelstwo
- PT: dupla nacionalidade
- RO: cetatenie dubla / multipla
- SE: dubbelt medborgarskap
- SK: dvojité štátne občianstvo / dvojitá štátna príslušnosť (dual citizenship) / viacnásobné štátne občianstvo / viacnásobná štátna príslušnosť (multiple citizenship)
- SL: dvojno državljanstvo
The simultaneous possession of two or more citizenships by the same person.