Glossary

Definition

The regular crossing of an external land border by border residents in order to stay in a border area, for example for social, cultural or substantiated economic reasons, or for family reasons, for a period not exceeding three months.

Related border area, border resident, frontier worker

Source

Art. 3(3) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 (Local Border Traffic Regulation)

Definition In the global context, the entry of an alien into a foreign country in compliance with the necessary requirements for legal entry into the receiving State.
In the Schengen context, and for a stay not exceeding three months per six-month period, the entry of a third-country national into a Schengen Member State in compliance with Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).

Narrower admission onto the territory

Related border control, external EU border, internal EU border, irregular entry, refusal of entry, Schengen Borders Code

Source Global context: Derived by EMN from the definition of ‘entry’ in IOM Glossary on Migration, 2nd ed. 2011 and the definition of ‘illegal entry’ in the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols
Schengen context: Derived by EMN from Art. 5 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (Schengen Borders Code)

Definition

Any mode of loss of the status as citizen of a country, voluntarily or involuntarily, automatically or by an act by the public authorities.

Synonyms loss of nationality

Broader citizenship

Comments The main types of loss are renunciation, withdrawal and lapse of citizenship.

Source

EUDO Online Glossary on Citizenship and Nationality

Definition

A person who moves to a country other than that of their usual residence for a period of at least a year (12 months), so that the country of destination effectively becomes their new country of usual residence.

Broader migrant

Related long-term migration, short-term migrant

Source OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms

Definition

A third-country national who has long-term resident status as provided for under Arts. 4 to 7 of Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive) or as provided for under national legislation.

Related right of residence

Comments 1. EU Member States must recognise long-term resident status after five years of uninterrupted legal residence. This is however dependent upon the person having a stable and regular source of income, health insurance and, when required by the EU Member State, having complied with integration measures. The applicant must also not constitute a threat to public security or public policy.
2. Directive 2011/51/EU of 11 May 2011 amended Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive) to extend its scope of application to beneficiaries of international protection.
3. The UN Recommendations on Statistics on International Migration set one year of intended residence as the lower threshold.

Source Art. 2(b) of Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive)

Definition

The authorisation or decision issued by one of the EU Member States in accordance with its national law or Union law required for entry for an intended stay in that EU Member State of more than three months.

Broader visa

Related airport transit visa, short-stay visa

Source Art. 2(m) of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 (Dublin III Regulation)

Definition

Movement of individuals who change their country of usual residence for a period of at least one year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes their new country of usual residence.

Synonyms permanent-type migration, permanent migration

Broader migration

Related long-term migrant, short-term migration, temporary migration

Comments

Long-term migration' and 'permanent migration' are often understood as quasi-synonyms. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines permanent migration as 'a concept relating to undertaking migration with a view to, or which results in, settling on a permanent basis in the country of destination.

Source Derived by EMN from the UN Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration
OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms

Definition

Mechanism that aims to ensure that migrant workers are only admitted after employers have unsuccessfully searched for national workers, EU citizens (in EU Member States this also means EEA workers) or legally residing third-country nationals with access to the labour market according to national legislation.

Synonyms LMT

Broader union preference

Comments 1. The labour market test (LMT) is implemented and applied widely in most EU Member States. Where the LMT is applied, some categories of workers can be exempt, reflecting the specific national situations and priorities.
2. EU Member States apply different methodologies in undertaking LMTs. In general, a considerable role is left to employers and public employment services. Duration of the verification process varies among EU Member States.
3. For further information, see EMN: Satisfying labour demand through migration, June 2011.

Source Derived by EMN from Oxford Migration Observatory response to Call for Evidence

Definition

Movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment.

Broader economic migration

Narrower immigration quota

Related migrant worker

Comments

Labour migration is addressed by most States in their migration laws. In addition, some States take an active role in regulating outward labour migration and seeking opportunities for their nationals abroad.

Source IOM Glossary on Migration, 2nd. ed. 2011

Definition

An international agreement - initially known as the Reform Treaty - which amends the two treaties that form the constitutional basis of the European Union and which aims to enhance the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the European Union and to improve the coherence of its actions.

Synonyms Reform Treaty, Treaty of Lisbon

Related Common European Asylum System

Comments 1. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed by the 27 EU Member States on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Maastricht Treaty (1993), which is also known as the Treaty on European Union, and the Treaty of Rome (1952), which is also known as the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEEC). At Lisbon, the Treaty of Rome was renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
2. Prominent changes included the move from unanimity to qualified majority voting in at least 45 policy areas in the Council of Ministers, a change in calculating such a majority to a new double majority, a more powerful European Parliament forming a bicameral legislature alongside the Council of ministers under the ordinary legislative procedure, a consolidated legal personality for the EU, and the creation of a long-term President of the European Council and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The Treaty also made the Union's bill of rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, legally binding.
3. The Treaty of Lisbon broadened the competences of the EU in asylum issues. According to Art. 78 TFEU, a common policy on asylum is developed through the ordinary legislative procedure. There is no mentioning of minimum standards as before which sets the aim to convergence. The Article provides for the legal basis for the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). For further information, see the entry for 'Common European Asylum System (CEAS)' in this EMN Glossary.
4. For more information see the website of the Lisbon Treaty.

Source Derived by EMN from Website on the Lisbon Treaty